L4 EXAM QUESTIONS

FIRST NAME

LAST NAME

EMAIL

A TRANSVERSE SECTION THROUGH THE HUMAN BODY IN ANATOMICAL POSITION SEPARATES IT INTO:

SKIN IS AN EXAMPLE OF

IN AN EXCITABLE CELL, AN INCREASE IN SODIUM ION CONCENTRATION IN THE EXTRACELLULAR FLUID RESULTS IN

THE 'REST AND DIGEST' RESPONSE IS CHARACTERISED BY

RELEASE OF FOLLICULAR STIMULATING HORMONE AND LUTEINISING HORMONE IS UNDER DIRECT CONTROL OF WHICH NEUROENDOCRINE HORMONE?

A RESEARCHER DISCOVERS A NEW HORMONE THAT RAISES BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS VIA A NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM. THIS HORMONE IS SECRETED WHEN:

BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS INCREASE

BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS DECREASE

BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS ARE STABLE

BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS ARE ELEVATED

NONE OF THESE CHOICES ARE CORRECT

SKELETAL MUSCLE DIFFERS FROM SMOOTH MUSCLE IN THAT SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS (MYOCYTES)

DURING EXPIRATION, THE ALVEOLAR PRESSURE MUST BE:

GREATER THAN ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

LESS THAN ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

EQUAL TO ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

GREATER THAN PLEURAL PRESSURE

NONE OF THESE CHOICES IS CORRECT

THE WALLS OF THE ALVEOLI

ARE COMPOSED OF SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

CONTAIN SEVERAL LAYERS OF SMOOTH MUSCLE

CONTAIN GOBLET CELLS

ARE CILIATED

ALL OF THE ABOVE CHOICES ARE CORRECT

FROM SUPERFICIAL TO DEEP, THE LAYERS OF THE KIDNEY ARE

GLOMERULAR FILTRATION IS BEST DESCRIBED AS

AN ACTIVE PROCESS, RELYING ON ATP DRIVEN TRANSPORTERS

A SELECTIVE PROCESS, REMOVING ONLY THOSE MOLECULES THE BODY NO LONGER NEEDS

A TRANSPORTER DRIVEN PROCESS, RELYING ON Na+ / Ka+ CO-TRANSPORTERS

A PASSIVE PROCESS, RELYING ON PRESSURE GRADIENTS AND NON SELECTIVE FILTRATION

INTERMITTENT PROCESS, RELYING ON PULSATILE GnRH RELEASE FROM THE HYPOTHALAMUS

AN ENDOCRINE HORMONE THAT INCREASES FILTRATE REUPTAKE BY INCREASING WATER CHANNEL NUMBER IS

VEINS DIFFER FROM ARTERIES IN THAT

VEINS CONTAIN VALVES

THE TUNICA MEDIA OF VEINS IS TYPICALLY THINNER THAN ARTERIES

THE LUMEN OF VEINS IS TYPICALLY LARGER THAN ARTERIES

VEINS DO NO CONTAIN ELASTIC LAMINA LAYERS, ARTERIES DO

ALL THE ABOVE ARE CORRECT

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING CORRECTLY SHOWS ARTERIES RANKED BY LUMEN SIZE (LARGEST TO SMALLEST)

MUSCULAR, ELASTIC, ARTERIOLE, METARTERIOLE

METARTERIOLE, ARTERIOLE, ELASTIC, MUSCULAR

ELASTIC, MUSCULAR, ARTERIOLE, METARTERIOLE

ELASTIC, ARTERIOLE, MUSCULAR, METARTERIOLE

MUSCULAR, METARTERIOLE, ARTERIOLE, ELASTIC

BLOOD PLASMA CONSISTS OF

APPROXIMATELY 80% PLASMA PROTEINS (PRIMARILY ALBUMIN)

APPROXIMATELY 90% WATER

APPROXIMATELY 20% SOLUTES (NUTRIENTS AND WASTE PRODUCTS)

APPROXIMATELY 45% RED BLOOD CELLS

NONE OF THE ABOVE IS CORRECT

A SPHERICAL SHAPED CELL WITH MULTI LOBULAR NUCLEUS AND PURPLE-PINK STAINING CYTOPLASMIC GRANULES IS MOST LIKELY A(N)

A RIGHT SHIFT OF THE OXYHAEMOGLOBIN DISSOCIATION CURVE CAN BE CAUSED BY

CARDINAL SIGNS OF INFLAMMATION INCLUDE ALL OF THE FOLLOWING EXCEPT

IN RESPONSE TO INFECTION, NEUTROPHIL FUNCTIONS INCLUDE ALL OF THE FOLLOWING EXCEPT

BACTERIAL PHAGOCYTOSIS

EXTRACELLULAR TRAP PRODUCTION

DIFFERENTIATION INTO MACROPHAGES

RELEASE OF ANTI-MICROBIAL PEPTIDES

REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS) PRODUCTION

ALL OF THE FOLLOWING ARE COMPONENTS OF THE INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM EXCEPT

B-CELLS AND T-CELLS DIFFER IN THAT

B-CELLS RESPOND TO PROTEIN ANTIGENS ONLY

T-CELLS RESPOND TO EXTRACELLULAR ANTIGENS

B-CELLS RESPOND TO ENTIRE ANTIGENS

T-CELLS RESPOND TO CARBOHYDRATE ANTIGENS ONLY

T-CELLS RESPONSE TO LIPID ANTIGENS ONLY

AN ANTIGEN IS BEST DEFINED AS A(N)

'CO-STIMULATION' IS BEST DESCRIBED AS

LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION REQUIRING TWO SIMULTANEOUS ACTIVATION SIGNALS FOR A RESPONSE

A REDUCTION IN AN IMMUNE RESPONSE DUE TO TWO SIMULTANEOUS BUT DIFFERENCE INFECTIONS

THE COMBINATION OF BOTH INNATE AND ACTIVE IMMUNITY

B-CELL AND T-CELL ACTIVATION

NONE OF THE ABOVE

ALL OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS ABOUT SALIVA ARE CORRECT EXCEPT

SALIVA MOISTENS AND DISSOLVES FOOD CHEMICALS

SALIVA CONTAINS ENZYMES THAT BREAK DOWN MACRONUTRIENTS

SALIVA IS SLIGHTLY ALKANINE TO AID MACRONUTRIENT ABSORPTION

SALIVA IS INVOLVED IN MAINTAINING ORAL CLEANSING

SALIVA HAS AN IMMUN ROLE, CONTAINING IgA's